On my site I have a form that can be filled out by users. Once submitted, I am storing the form data in a third-party service using their RESTful API.

function gravity_forms_1_after_submission( $entry, $form ) {
    if ( rgar( $entry, 'status' ) === 'spam' ) {
        return;
    }

    $response = wp_remote_post(
        esc_url_raw( '...' ),
        array(
            'headers' => array(
                ...
            ),
            'body' => json_encode( array(
                ...
            ) )
        )
    );

    if ( is_wp_error( $response ) ) {
        ...
    } else {
        ...
    }
}

add_action( 'gform_after_submission_1', 'gravity_forms_1_after_submission', 10, 2 );

For cases where the API is down or there is a problem along the way, so that no data is lost, I want to code an auto-retry feature – if the first API call fails, there will be subsequent tries later until the data is successfully sent. (By subsequent tries I do not mean immediately after, since the API might be down, but maybe 5 minutes later, then 30 minutes later, then 2 hours later, until the call is successful.)

How would I go about coding that in WordPress?